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Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, Latin, and Syriac Resources
Greek Grammars
Thackeray, H. St. J. A Grammar of the Old Testament in Greek According to the Septuagint: By Henry St. John Thackeray. Vol. 1 . Cambridge: University Press, 1909. Conybeare, Fred C., and St. George Stock. A Grammar of Septuagint Greek, According to the Text of Swete . Boston: Ginn, 1905. Buck, Carl Darling. Introduction to the Study of the Greek Dialects: Grammar, Selected Inscriptions, Glossary. Boston: Ginn and Company, 1910. Kühner, Raphael. Grammar of the Greek Language. New York: Appleton, 1853. Goodell, Thomas Dwight. A School Grammar of Attic Greek . New York: D. Appleton and Co, 1902. Robertson, A. T. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical Research . New York: Hodder & Stoughton, George H. Doran Co, 1914. Robertson, A. T. A Short Grammar of the Greek New Testament, for Students Familiar with the Elements of Greek . New York: Hodder & Stoughton, 1912. Stuart, Moses. A Treatise on the Syntax of the New Testament Dialect, with an Appendix, Containing a Dissertation on the Greek Article . Edinburgh: T. Clark, 1835 Farrar, Frederic W. A Brief Greek Syntax and Hints on Accidence. London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1876. Tittmann, Johann August Heinrich, Edward Craig, Edward Robinson, and Moses Stuart. Remarks on the Synonyms of the New Testament . Edinburgh: T. Clark, 1833.Volume 1 Volume 2
Green, Samuel G. Handbook to the Grammar of the Greek Testament: Together with a Complete Vocabulary, and an Examination of the Chief New Testament Synonyms. Illustrated by Numerous Examples and Comments . New York: Revell, 1907. Blass, Friedrich, and H. St. J. Thackeray. Grammar of New Testament Greek . London: Macmillan, 1905. Moulton, James Hope, Wilbert Francis Howard, and Nigel Turner. A Grammar of New Testament Greek . Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1967.Volume 1 Prolegomena Volume 2 Accidence and Word Formation
Buttmann, Alexander. A Grammar of the New Testament Greek . Andover, Massachusetts: Warren F. Draper, 1878. Winer, Georg Benedikt, and W. F. Moulton. A Treatise on the Grammar of New Testament Greek: Regarded As a Sure Basis for New Testament Exegesis . Edinburgh: Clark, 1882. Dionysius. The Grammar of Dionysios Thrax . St. Louis, Mo: Studley, 1874. Smyth, Herbert Weir. A Greek Grammar for Colleges . New York: American Book Co, 1920. Goodwin, William Watson. Greek Grammar. Boston: Ginn & Co, 1898 .Goodwin, William Watson. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Greek Verb. Boston: Ginn & Co., 1897. Gildersleeve, Basil L., and Charles William Emil Miller. Syntax of Classical Greek from Homer to Demosthenes . New York: American Book Company, 1900.
Nunn, Henry Preston Vaughan. A Short Syntax of New Testament Greek . Cambridge : University Press, 1920. Nunn, H. P. V. The Elements of New Testament Greek: A Method of Studying the Greek New Testament with Exercises . Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge University Press, 1914. Burton, Ernest DeWitt. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1903. Sophocles, E. A. A Greek Grammar: for the Use of Learners. Hartford: H. Huntington, 1844. Thompson, Francis Edward. Syntax of Attic Greek . London: Longmans, Green, 1898. Thompson, John. A Greek Grammar: Accidence and Syntax for Schools and Colleges . London: John Murray, 1902. Bevier, Louis. Brief Greek Syntax . New York: American Book Co, 1903. Mierow Charles Christopher B. Essentials of Greek Syntax . Boston: Ginn & Co., 1911. Madvig, Johan Nicolai.,Thomas Kerchever Arnold, and Henry Browne. Syntax of the Greek Language . London: Rivingtons, 1873. Sophocles, E. A. A Greek Grammar, for the Use of Schools and Colleges . Hartford: W.J. Hamersley, 1867. Funk, Robert A Beginning-Intermediate Grammar of Hellenistic Greek. Missoula, Montana: Scholars Press, 1973.
Greek Concordances
Moulton, W. F., and A. S. Geden. A Concordance to the Greek Testament: According to the Texts of Westcott and Hort, Tischendorf and the English Revisers. New York: Scribner’s, 1897. Wigram, George V. The Englishman’s Greek Concordance of the New Testament: Being an Attempt at a Verbal Connexion between the Greek and the English Texts. Including a Concordance to the Proper Names with Indexes, Greek-English and English-Greek. London [England]: Longman, Green, Brown, and Longmans, 1844 Hudson, Charles F., Ezra Abbot, and Thomas Sheldon Green. A Critical Greek and English Concordance of the New Testament. Boston: H.L. Hastings, 1885. Bullinger, E. W. A Critical Lexicon and Concordance to the English and Greek New Testament, Together with an Index of Greek Words, and Several Appendices. London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1895. Hatch, Edwin, and Henry A. Redpath. A Concordance to the Septuagint and the Other Greek Versions of the Old Testament (Including the Apocryphal Books). Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897.
Morrish, George. A Handy Concordance of the Septuagint: Giving Various Readings from Codices Vaticanus, Alexandrinus, Sinaiticus, and Ephraemi : with an Appendix of Words, from Origen’s Hexapla, Etc., Not Found in the Above Manuscripts . London: Samuel Bagster’s & Sons 1887.
Greek Lexica
Abbott-Smith, George. A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament . Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1922. Lampe, G. W. H. A Patristic Greek Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1961. Souter, Alexander. A Pocket Lexicon to the Greek New Testament. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1917. Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901. (The Great Scott) Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, Founded Upon the Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. New York: American Book Co, 1882. (Middle Liddell) Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, and James Morris Whiton. A Lexicon Abridged from Liddell & Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon. New York: Harper, 1879. (Little Liddell) Grimm, Carl Ludwig Wilibald, Joseph Henry Thayer, and Christian Gottlob Wilke. A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Being Grimm’s Wilke’s Clavis Novi Testamenti. New York: American Book Company, 1889. Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides. Greek Lexicon of the Roman and Byzantine Periods (from B.C. 146 to A.D. 1100). New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1900. Cremer, Hermann, and W. Urwick. Biblico-Theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1895 Cunliffe, R. J. A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect Powell, J.Enoch. A Lexicon to Herodotus Trapp, Erich, ed. Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität The Analytical Greek Lexicon: With a Grammatical Analysis of Each Word, and a Lexicographical Illustration of the Meanings . London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1870.Teknia.com Greek Dictionary Lexicographic Links 2LetterLookup – Ancient Lexicons for Greek… Hebrew… Aramaic… Latin… Syriac…
Hebrew and Aramaic Grammars
Lyon, Solomon. A Theological Hebrew Grammar and Lexicon Gesenius, Wilhelm, E. Kautzsch, and A. E. Cowley. Gesenius’ Hebrew Grammar . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910. Stuart, Moses. A Hebrew Chrestomathy. By Moses Stuart … Reprinted with the Concurrence of the Author . Oxford: D.A. Talboys, 1834. Stuart, Moses. A Grammar of the Hebrew Language . Oxford: Talboys, 1838. Stuart, Moses. Hebrew Grammar with a Copious Syntax and a Praxis . Andover: Flagg and Gould, 1821. Stevenson, William Barron. Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924.
Hebrew Concordances
Wigram, George V. The Englishman’s Hebrew and Chaldee Concordance of the Old Testament . London: Samuel Bagster, 1866. Mandelkern, Solomon. Veteris Testamenti concordantiae Hebraicae atque Chaldaicae. Lipsiae: Veit, 1896. Pick, Aaron. The Bible Student’s Concordance: By Which the English Reader May Be Enabled Readily to Ascertain the Literal Meaning of Any Word in the Sacred Original. London: Hamilton, Adams, 1845. (Dictionary of Old Testament Words for English Readers)-Aaron Pick Wilson, William. The Bible Students Guide to the More Correct Understanding of the English Translation of the Old Testament, by Reference to the Original Hebrew: By an Alphabetical Arrangement of Every English Word in the Authorized Version, the Corresponding Hebrew May at Once Be Ascertained, with Its Peculiar Signification and Construction . London: Macmillan, 1870. (Wilson’s Word Studies)
Hebrew and Aramaic Lexica
Brown, Francis, Edward Robinson, S. R. Driver, Charles A. Briggs, and Wilhelm Gesenius. A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament, with an appendix containing the Biblical Aramaic. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906. Harkavy, Alexander, and A. Hyman. Students’ Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary to the Old Testament. New York: Hebrew Pub. Co, 1914. Potter, Joseph Lewis. An English-Hebrew Lexicon Being a Complete Verbal Index to Gesenius’ Hebrew Lexicon As Translated by Edward Robinson. New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1877. Lee, Samuel. A Lexicon, Hebrew, Chaldee, and English: Compiled from the Most Approved Sources, Oriental and European, Jewish and Christian : Containing All the Words with Their Usual Inflexion, Idiomatic Usages, & As Found in the Hebrew and Chaldee Texts of the Old Testament. London: Duncan and Malcolm, 1840. Davidson, Benjamin, and Samuel Bagster. The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon. London: S. Bagster and Sons, 1848. Newman, Selig. An English and Hebrew Lexicon Composed After Johnson’s Dictionary, Containing Fifteen Thousand English Words, Rendered into Biblical, or Rabbinical Hebrew, or into Chaldee. To Which Is Annexed a List of English and Hebrew Words the Expressions and Meanings of Which Appear to Be the Same in Both Languages. London: Printed for the author and sold by Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1832 Davies, Benjamin, and E. C. Mitchell. A Compendious and Complete Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament: With an English-Hebrew Index : Chiefly Founded on the Works of Gesenius and Fürst : with Improvements from Dietrich and Other Sources. Boston: I. Bradley, 1875. Josephs, Michael. An English and Hebrew Lexicon, To Which Is Added a Selection of Proper Names Occuring in Scripture and in the Rabbinical Writings. London: B. Wertheim, 1834. Parkhurst, John. A Hebrew and English Lexicon without Points Lyon, Solomon. A Theological Hebrew Grammar and Lexicon Gibbs, Josiah Willard. A Manual Hebrew and English Lexicon Pike, Samuel. A Compendious Hebrew Lexicon Hebrew-English Lexicon. London: Samuel Bagster & Sons, 1898.Brown, Thomas Richard. Lexicon of the Hebrew Language Fürst, Julius. A Hebrew & Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon at HUC-JIR Cincinnati Jastrow, Marcus. A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature With an Index of Scriptural Quotations . 2 vols. London: Luzac, 1903.
Semantic Dictionary of Biblical Hebrew 2LetterLookup – Ancient Lexicons for Greek… Hebrew… Aramaic… Latin… Syriac…
Comparing MT/LXX/Vulgate/Peshitta : This website collects all the ancient versions and compares them with the Masoretic Hebrew text.Patrologia Graeca: This is Migne’s Patrologia Graeca 161 Volume set of all the Greek Fathers in the original Greek.Hebrew Manuscripts: This is a collection of online resources to study Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament.Hebrew Language Specialty Tools This site has a collection of all the websites related to the study of the Hebrew text.www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm Listen to the Hebrew Bible read aloud in MP3 format.www.ccel.org/a/anonymous/gnt/home.html Listen to the Greek New Testament read aloud in MP3 format.www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/ This is a page with the Greek text from one of the most important manuscripts in the world.Diogenes Diogenes comes equipped with morphological analysis of Greek and Latin as well as Greek and Latin dictionaries.Hebrew MT Here is an electronic version of the Hebrew Masoretic text.Lexicon of Greek Personal Names This site defines the meaning of ancient Greek names.All Things Greek GNT Reader B-Greek: The Biblical Greek Forum Open Text.org Greek to Me Institute of Biblical Greek New Testament Discourse Biblical Languages Center BibliaHebraica.org and BibliaGraece.org Bible Hub Tanakh.Info Hebrew Bible Texts
The Westminster Leningrad Codex The Aleppo Codex Bomberg, Daniel, ed. The Second Rabbinic Bible (Mikraot Gedolot) , 1524.
Walton, Bryan. Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, 6 vols. London: Thomas Roycroft, 1657. (The London Polyglot)
Hooght, Everardus van der, and August Hahn. Biblia Hebraica . Lipsiae: Tauchnitii, 1838 . Kennicott, Benjamin, and Benjamin Kennicott. Vetus Testamentum Hebraicum, cum variis lectionibus . Oxonii: E. typographeo Clarendoniano, 1776.
Letteris, Meir. Torah, Neviim u-Khetuvim meduya heev al pi ha-mesorah . Vien: Bi-defus A. Holtshoizen, 1896. Ginsburg, Christian D. Torah, neviʼim u-khetuvim. Meduyaḳ heṭev ʻal pi ha-mesorah ṿe-ʻal pi defusim rishonim ʻim ḥilufim ṿe-hagahot min kitve yad ʻatiḳim ṿe-tirgumim yeshanim . [London]: [British and Foreign Bible Society], 1926.
Kittel, Rudolf. Biblia Hebraica . Lipsiae: J.C. Hinrichs, 1909. (BHK, 1st ed.)
Kittel, Rudolf. Biblia Hebraica . Lipsiae: J.C. Hinrichs, 1912-1913. (BHK, 2nd ed.)
Kittel, Rudolf, Karl Elliger, Wilhelm Rudolph, Hans Peter Rüger, G. E. Weil, and Adrian Schenker. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia . Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1997. (BHS, 4th ed) Gall, August von. Der Hebräische Pentateuch der Samaritaner . Giessen: A. Töpelmann, 1918. The Hebrew Bible: A Critical Edition (formerly The Oxford Hebrew Bible )
Greek New Testament Texts
Complutensian Polyglot Novum Instrumentum Omne, 1st ed.-1516-Erasmus Novum Instrumentum Omne, 2nd ed.-1519-Erasmus Novum Instrumentum Omne, 3rd ed.-1522-Erasmus Novum Intrumentum Omne, 4th ed.-1527-Erasmus Novum Instrumentus Omne, 5th ed.-1535-Erasmus Novum Testamentum, 3rd ed.-1550 (Editio Regia)-Robertus Stephanus (Robert Estienne) Testamentum Novum-1588-Theodore Beza Mill, John, and Caleb Alexander. Hē Kainē Diathēkē = Novum Testamentum . Bostoniae: Excudebat Esaias Thomas, Jun. typis Watson & Bangs, 1814. H e Kaine Diatheke = Novum Testamentum Graecum Novum Testamentum Graece (1809-1810)-Griesbach
Novum Testamentum Graece (1831)-LachmannThe Greek New Testament (1857)-Tregelles
Tischendorf, Constantin von. Novum Testamentum Graece . Lipsiae: J.C. Hinrichs, 1872. 8th edition- Tischendorf
Westcott, Brooke Foss, Fenton John Anthony Hort, and Philip Schaff. The New Testament in the Original Greek: Introduction and Appendix. New York: Harper and Bros, 1881.
Weymouth, Richard Francis. The Resultant Greek Testament: exhibiting the text in which the majority of the modern editors are agreed, and containing the readings of Stephens (1550), Lachmann, Tregelles, Tischendorf, Lightfoot, Ellicott, Alford, Weiss, the Bale edition (1880), Westcott and Hort, and the Revision Committee . New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1892. Weiss, Bernhard. Das Neue Testament Handausgabe; von D. Bernhard Weiss . [Leipzig]: [J.C. Hinrichs], 1902.
Novum Testamentum Graece (1899) 2nd ed.-Nestle Novum Testamentum Graece (1903) 3rd ed.-Nestle Die Schriften des neuen Testaments-Hermann Freiherr von Soden
Greek New Testament (UBS5) Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament 28th edition SBL Greek New Testament
Septuagint Resources
Computer Assisted Tools for Septuagint/Scriptural Study The Journal of Septuagint and Cognate Studies John William Wevers Institute for Septuagint Studies The Septuagint Online Centre for Septuagint Studies and Textual Criticism Brooke, Alan England, Norman McLean, and H. St. J. Thackeray. The Old Testament in Greek, according to the text of Vaticanus, supplemented from other uncial manuscripts, with a critical apparatus containing the variants of the chief ancient authorities for the text of the Septuagint. Cambridge [Eng.]: University Press, 1906-1940
Swete, Henry Barclay. The Old Testament in Greek according to the Septuagint. Cambridge [England]: University Press, 1887.
Rahlfs, Alfred. Septuaginta: id est, Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt, 1965. Rahlfs, Alfred, and Robert Hanhart. Septuaginta: id est Vetus Testamentum Graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2006 Tischendorf, Constantin von. Vetus Testamentum Graece iuxta LXX interpretes. Lipsiae: F. A. Brockhaus, 1856.
Syriac Versions of the Bible
The Diatessaron
Greek Fragment of the Diatessaron from Dura-Europa
The Diatessaron (Hogg translation) The Disatessaron (English Translation) Resources for the Study of the Diatessaron
Latin
Ranke, Ernst, ed. Codex Fuldensis. Marburg & Leipzig: Elwert, 1868. Sievers, Eduard, ed. T atian, lateinisch und altdeutsch, 2nd ed . Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1892. Grein, Christian Wilhelm Michael, ed. Die Quellen des Heliand. Nebst einem Anhang: Tatians Evangelienharmonie herausgegeben nach dem Codex Cassellanus. Kassell, Germany: Theodore Kay, 1869.
Middle English
Old High German
The Old Syriac Version
The Curetonian Gospels
The Sinaitic Gospels
The Peshitta Version
The Leiden Peshitta Institute Version The Mosul BibleBiblia sacra iuxta versionem simplicem quae dicitur Pschitta, Mosul, 1887-1888.Volume 1 (Gen.–Esther); Volume 2 (Job–2 Macc.) . Les saints évangiles d’après la Pschitta (Mosul edition of the Gospels). Mosul, 1896. Le Nouveau testament d’après La Pschitta (Mosul NT Peshitta). Mosul, 1898.
The Peshitta Old Testament Ceriani, Antonio Maria, ed. Translatio Syra Pescitto Veteris Testamenti ex Codice Ambrosiano, 4 parts in 1 vol. .London: williams and Norgate, 1876–1883. [MS Ambrosiana 7a1] Lee, Samuel, ed. Vetus Testamentum Syriace . London: British and Foreign Bible Society 1823.
The Peshitta New TestamentPusey, Philip Edward., and George Henry Gwilliam, Tetraevangelium Syriacum. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1901.
The Philoxenian Version
The Harklean Version
White, Joseph, ed., Sacrorum Evangeliorum Versio Syriaca Philoxeniana . 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1778.
White, Joseph, ed., Actuum Apostolorum et Epistolarum tam Catholicarum quam Paulinarum, Versio Syriaca Philoxeniana. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1799–1803.
Syro-Hexaplar Version
Christian Palestinian Aramaic Lectionaries (Jerusalem Syriac Versions)
English Translations of the Peshitta
Murdock, James. The Syriac New Testament . Boston: H. Hastings, 1896. Etheridge, John Wesley. The Syrian Churches : their early history, liturgies, and literature : with a literal translation of the four gospels from the Peschito, or canon of holy scripture in use among the oriental Christians from the earliest times London: Longmans,Brown, Green and Longmans, 1846. Etheridge, John Wesley. The Apostolical Acts and Epistles, from the Peschito, Or Ancient Syriac. London: Longmans,Brown, Green and Longmans, 1849. Norton, William. A Translation, in English Daily Used, of the Peshito-Syriac Text, and of the received Greek text, of Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, and 1 John. London: W. K. Bloom, 1889. Lamsa, George M. The Holy Bible from Ancient Eastern Manuscripts. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: A. J. Holman Company, 1933.
Syriac Grammar
Robinson, Theodore H.. Robinson’s Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962 Nestle, Eberhard. Syriac Grammar. London: Williams and Norgate, 1900. Elements of Syriac Grammar. London: Samuel Bagster & Sons, 1906. Nöldeke, Theodor. Compendious Syriac Grammar. London: Williams and Norgate, 1904. Uhlemann, Friedrich Gottlob. Uhlemann’s Syriac Grammar. New York: D. Appleton, 1875. Wilson, Robert Dick. Elements of Syriac Grammar by an Inductive Method. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891. Wilson, Robert Dick. Introductory Syriac Method and Manual. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891
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